Inqanaba testosterone phakathi kwe umgca-akhawunti
I-ulwaphulo-mthetho yi-misela ka-izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, ulwaphulo-mthetho (felonies) kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho (yolwaphulo-mthetho), wanikela kwi-onikiweyo-bume e onikiweyo ixesha
Ngumsebenzi kokwaphula isemthethweni norms a loluntu indlela.
Esezantsi yi umthetho apho kunikwe angakudlakathisi ngokwasemzimbeni (jikelele, apho ikhona rhoqo kwaye kuyo yonke indawo, kubalulekile injongo) okanye socially (njengoko ichaziwe yi-oluntu ekubeni kwaye differs ngokunxulumene ixesha kwaye isithuba, kubalulekile ngoko ke zombhali kuphela). Esezantsi ngu-mthetho ukuba injongo yayo kukuba bamisa ubuncinane umyalelo kwi-society kwaye ifuna ethile kwenkqubo ezi amalungu. Yolwaphulo-imigangatho kukho ezigunyazisiweyo zengxelo kwaye coercive, baya sisiseko esemthethweni ukuze, kwaye njalo kuba negalelo isondlo woxolo. Kwezi imigangatho, criminologists zi uluvo ukuba ka-imigangatho, socially ube wenziwe, ke ngoko, apho vary ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, oko kuthetha ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho, njengoko enjalo, ayikho. Ezithile behaviors baba anombhalo a ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kubalulekile ngokunjalo ukuba babeza ukugxotha. Kodwa ezinye criminologists kukholelwa ukuba imigangatho ingaba injongo ngenxa yokuba bafunyanwa ezindaweni kwaye rhoqo, njengoko kwimeko killing umntu ngaphandle kwesizathu. Kodwa"ngaphandle kwesizathu"unako ndivuma kakhulu differ kuxhomekeke iinkampani. Ukususela executions ka-Sacco kwaye Vanzetti kuba babulala kokuba hayi wanikela, hayi kuba anarchist agitation apho aye athatha inxaxheba, phantse zonke ezopolitiko imicimbi zithe kuphethwe kwi-mthetho iimeko yi-mandla (zasekuhlaleni amalungelo activists, communists, Mnyama Panthers, njl. njl, Phakathi western amazwe, i-United States ngu ezaziwayo kuba ukulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye inkqubo oko kukuthi, kokukhona repressive (bezinga nokuvalelwa zenza isihlanu ishumi phinda-phinda kakhulu kunokuba european amazwe). I-United States ukupapasha ezahlukeneyo-manani ukuba bonisa ukuba umyinge fluctuate ukusuka - kunye kwempahla ukuba violent yolwaphulo-mthetho ngamnye, abantu, amazinga ranging ukusuka amabini ukuba amane ngamnye abemi. Kwi-French Journal of criminology kwaye penal umthetho, Heather Mac Donald nemimangaliso malunga excessive ubuhlungu le kuthi penal indlela. Ngokunxulumene naye, i-United States ngoku ngu witnessing i-media phulo olukhulu magnitude aimed e delegitimizing i-suppression ulwaphulo-mthetho.
Lowo khona ukuze"Emelika awunawo ingxaki intolongo bonke kodwa ingxaki ulwaphulo-mthetho".
Iindleko mhlophe-collar ulwaphulo-mthetho ubizwa uqikelelo abe ngomnye, bhiliyoni dollazi ngonyaka ngokunxulumene i-data kubulungiseleli Lobulungisa. Oku ulwaphulo-mthetho omele iindleko amabini ukuba amathathu phinda-phinda kakhulu kunokuba kuba nokuqheleka yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nezakhiwo (burglary, bamba-ups, car thefts, njl. Umbhali Olivier Hassid kule yakhe incwadi ulwaphulo-Mthetho kwaye insecurity. Ukuqonda ukuba umthetho bonisa nomdla yandisa ye ulwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwaye ezininzi european amazwe, kuquka France, kwaye i-ukuthelekisa nciphisa ukususela kowe. Ukwanda ngu wachaza, kuba kuye, kuba inguqu ka-western societies kwaye ukutshintsha lwezentlalo noqoqosho iipateni wobomi. Ukuba lungelelanisa - lokwaluka ukuba umthetho, umbhali ibhekisa inkumbulo ye-amathuba kwaphuhliswa yi-Felson kwaye Clarke. I-landula okokuba baqalisa ukususela kowe, kuquka, ngokunxulumene naye, zine - imibandela: aging ye-abantu behlabathi, reduction"amathuba", ukuziqhelanisa populations kwi-mthetho threat, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuthetha ukuba uphunyezwe ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo ye-ekulweni ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ranking ka-izixeko kulo yenqila iphela France ngokweentswelo zabo ulwaphulo-mthetho yokutshintsha. Qaphela ukuba ezinye localities asingawo ezidweliswe njengoko ezinemigodi ka-Dives-sur-Mer, Deauville, Cannes, Chessy, Agde, Le Touquet-Paris-Plage, njengoko ezi ingaba iimeko ezikhethekileyo, kunye nomdla kakhulu tourist flows, nto leyo iza drive phezulu amazinga, kodwa ukuba awunayo lwezentlalo iingxaki okunxulumene offending yobulali. Kwi-s, sociologist Udaniyeli Intsimbi uchaza umbutho ulwaphulo-mthetho njengoko"technique phakathi kwabanye kuba amalungu thoba iindidi ukuba afumane ukufikelela loluntu isimo superior, ukuze bazuze upward _ephathwayo."Amahlwempu neighbourhoods ye-inkulu izixeko kwi-kwethu, intswela-ngqesho kwaye inadequacy urhulumente iinkqubo loluntu uncedo ndivuma kakhulu ukukhuthaza street ulwaphulo-mthetho.
Ngokunxulumene Vera Institute of Justice Enew York,"umgca we demarcation phakathi imisebenzi, kunye isemthethweni kwaye mthethweni rhoqo imaginary, kwaye abaninzi inqamleza blithely kuzo zozibini, ukususela encinane umsebenzi omncinane burglary, kuxutywa umsebenzi iintsuku zibe occasional ezincinane ngomntu ebukhobokeni njengoko okanye ukukhuselwa rackets".
Emile Durkheim wathi ukuba society ngaphandle ulwaphulo-mthetho ayikho, kwaye ayikwazi zikho. Ngokunxulumene naye, ulwaphulo-mthetho kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha umthetho, kodwa kanjalo yenza ukuba inkampani kuba cohesion: xa kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho efumana ezifunyenweyo, abanye abantu kuthi ukuba inkampani isebenza kakuhle ngenxa yokuba punishes i-ulwaphulo-mthetho. Aggressive ukuziphatha wenziwe enxulumene ne-abnormalities ye-ezintathu engundoqo iindlela lomthetho olawula biological kwaye physiological ukuba kukho serotonin indlela, inkqubo ye-catecholamines kwaye hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
I-abnormalities ezi iindlela ingaba eyaziwa ukuba abe induced yi-usamuel, makube usamuel, oko acute okanye chronic usamuel ka-low ubunzulu Ngowe- sele, Adolphe Quetelet bamfumana ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho ufumana i-phenomenon ukuba ichaphazela ngakumbi abantu kwaye kulutsha.
Kule yakhe incwadi, ulwaphulo-Mthetho kwaye insecurity, Olivier Hassad lunika zintlanu iintlobo profiles ka-criminals:"kufutshane, juvenile offender, offender, mhlophe-collar, trafficker elinolwazi, terrorist".
Yena stressed ukuba uninzi yolwaphulo-mthetho zinikelwe yi-relatives, ukuba juvenile delinquency liqulathe nzima ezingundoqo ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho, offender ka-mhlophe-collar ingaba i-atypical inkangeleko, ukuba umbutho ulwaphulo-mthetho yehlabathi umlinganiso ufumana i-fact rooted, kwaye ukuba terrorism yi multifaceted inyaniso. Ezikhoyo izitatistiki i data kwi ulwaphulo-mthetho phawula neeyantlukwano kwi-bezinga offending yi-ubudala. Umzekelo, kuba izenzo assault kwaye ibhetri kunye namanye amaxwebhu ka-physical assault, apho uninzi yolwaphulo-mthetho nje elidlulileyo zithe **** e-Australia kakhulu rhoqo phakathi elinesihlanu kwaye amabini anesine eminyaka. A umgama wenkcochoyi ubudala kancinci efanayo waba lumiselwe yolwaphulo-mthetho ubuqhetseba deception, nangona kakhulu ngaphantsi pronounced. Ukubaluleka yolwaphulo-u-age (kwaye ubudala apho psychology le umntu unako ukukhokelwa kwiintlanganiso behaviors kwaye violent okanye antayi-lwezentlalo) wacaphula ixesha elide yi-uluncwadi criminological intshona le age zithe attributed ukuba contexts lwezentlalo influences demographic amaqela kwaye differs ngokunxulumene iintlobo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ezi isenza ukuba ingaba? lixoxiwe kwaye ebalukileyo revisited. Nje data bonisa ukuba ezinye iimveliso ingaba neurotoxic kwi-low kwanikezelwa, ezifana baphile, unako, ixesha elide emva lembonakalo umntwana, induce behaviors precursors, ulwaphulo-mthetho zokuziphatha. Eneneni, kuba zonke ubudala iindidi, indoda bonke ngu overrepresented. Indlela zichaza oku phenomenon Xa ujonge kwi-manani ngokusebenzisa inkqubo esemthethweni, omnye realizes ukuba abafazi utyibiliko ngakumbi imibuzo kunokuba abantu. Sibe, ke ngoko, uthi ezi amanani ukuba abafazi ingaba wamanzi acociweyo ngcono kunokuba abantu kwaye ke ngoko ingaba ngaphantsi entolongweni. Kodwa oku asiyo kunjalo, isizathu ngokulula ukuba abafazi benze yolwaphulo-mthetho omkhulu ngakumbi ukubaluleka kwaye ke ngoko ingaba kaninzi sentenced ukuba fines. Abafazi benze abangaphantsi yolwaphulo-mthetho kunokuba abantu kwaye xa besenza, ngawegolide thoba ukubaluleka. Kwaye oku inyaniso yeyokuba ndabona nkqu kwiindawo apho prejudices ufuna ukuba abe abafazi abo benze oku uhlobo ulwaphulo-mthetho, ezifana shoplifting, kodwa kwakhona, olu hlobo ulwaphulo-mthetho kanjalo wanikela kwi-uninzi nge abantu. Kuphela ulwaphulo-mthetho predominantly wanikela ngabo abafazi, abduction ka-minors. Oku phenomenon kusenokuba wachaza yi-sociological wolwazi ezimbalini apho kukuba umfazi ugcina abantwana, ngoko ke xa umgwebi lugqiba, ngexesha yobomi a wokuqhawula umtshato, azinike parental igunya ubawo, kubalulekile ngaphantsi koko olwamkelekileyo kunokuba imigca ethe. Ihlala ingabi ngaphantsi yinyaniso ukuba kuba comparable offences, females ingaba ngaphantsi harshly wayesohlwaywa kunokuba abantu: ngaphantsi rhoqo ngenisa amapolisa custody, ngaphantsi rhoqo wafakwa kwesigqibo, ngaphantsi heavily convicted. Ukuba omnye adopts oku inkumbulo, siya kwi-evakalayo ukuba basetyhini bamele ukwenza ngakumbi ulwaphulo-mthetho ngabo abafazi. Kuba ukuqinisekisa oku inkumbulo, siya kuthatha i-expansion ka-indima abafazi ngexesha Yesibini yehlabathi Imfazwe, baya ndakubona zabo indima yandisa kunye departure ye-abantu ngalo ngaphambili. Ngeli xesha, siyabona i-ulwaphulo-mthetho yabasetyhini ukusuka kwi, kodwa lumka, amanani kusenokuba misunderstood. Eneneni, elililo mimiselo, ulwaphulo-mthetho yabasetyhini alifumanisanga budged, kodwa departure ka-amadoda pushed i-indawo ekuyo into babantu kwaye ke ngoko ukwanda abafazi ngaphandle kokuba ukuba ukwanda ulwaphulo-mthetho phakathi kwabasetyhini. Ngoko ke ngoo, abafazi kuba ngaphezulu elizimeleyo kunye feminist yokuhamba-hamba-kwaye ukuzothi ga, isinika ntoni siyabona.
I-ulwaphulo-mthetho yabasetyhini ngu significantly kwi kuvuka, ewe, ngenene, abafazi ukukelela ngakumbi izinto, apho sichaza oku kwanda, umzekelo, ufikelelo car.
Ukuchitha na umfazi abe lakho, ukuze ezininzi abafazi e ivili, kuyinto drastic utshintsho iimeko. Kodwa nangona oku kwanda, offences kwaye yolwaphulo-mthetho abafazi ingaba? proportionately kakuhle ngezantsi abo babantu. Njengoko umntu wesithathu umzekelo leyo ibonisa impazamo le inkumbulo, kubalulekile ngokulula yokuba kwi-s, ulwaphulo-mthetho bezinga abafazi falling, ngaphandle kuba bonke ukuba kukho landula ka-emancipation. I-sociological inkumbulo ke ngokusekelwe a ezingachanekanga ukuchazwa amanani babo kwilizwe lakhe. Omnye ayikwazi zichaza umahluko kuyo ulwaphulo-mthetho phakathi amadoda namakhosikazi ngale ndlela, kodwa kuphela inxalenye. Testosterone, apho sele i-impembelelo kwi aggressiveness, unako zichaza inxenye yolwaphulo-mthetho. Umyinge yazo zonke iimveliso zefama rhoqo testosterone inqanaba ngu enxulumene ne-ngakumbi umngcipheko-ethabatha ukuba ayikwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ulwaphulo-mthetho, burglary kwaye shoplifting. Izithonga nokonzakala kwabo bamele kanjalo influenced yi-inqanaba testosterone, apho ingaba zichaza kutheni abafazi ingaba besilwa ngaphantsi. I-theories kuchazwe ngasentla kuba bonke balingwe ukuphendula le umahluko phakathi amadoda nabafazi, kodwa ngaphandle ukufezekisa oko. Ziyaziwa ukuba loluntu interactions kanjalo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, ngenxa iyakuvumela ukuba isiqhagamshelanisi i-deviant ukuziphatha. Asazi okwangoku kodwa hayi kanye isizathu ukuba ingaba zichaza oku umahluko phakathi amadoda nabafazi.
