Icandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye icandelo lomboniso ka-ukona kuxhomekeke denomination yesizwe amapolisa kwi-French, ukuba ayinjalo a ulwaphulo-mthetho ngendlela engqongqo evakalayo, kuquka zombini iindawo ukuba imveliso ye ulwaphulo-mthetho, i-ukona okanye i-kunokwenzeka ingozi a kusenokwenzeka ukuba, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kanjalo imo ezi iindawoIlizwi ulwaphulo-mthetho senziwe ukuthetha isingesi-ukuthetha, ngokwayo abathembekileyo ukuba intsingiselo latin crimen ("ndibale"). Kwi-isixhosa, isingesi, intetho ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso unako basondelelane bobabini endaweni a ulwaphulo-mthetho njengoko a ulwaphulo-mthetho, i-kunokwenzeka ingozi ezifuna uphando, i-comment okanye umlilo doubtful. Kwi-French ezixhaswayo, isebenzisa ka-nokuqheleka, kodwa, kusithiwa 'theatre ulwaphulo-mthetho' okanye 'ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso'."Icandelo lomboniso"umbuzo ngoko ke ibandakanya zonke iindawo ezahluka-hlukileyo apho yenzekile isiganeko okanye iziganeko zinika kuvuka ukuba la manyathelo okungenelela yamapolisa enzima okanye ezenzululwazi, okanye ukuba a forensic ingcali kwezenzululwazi, imo yabo ngexesha ukuba la manyathelo okungenelela kwaye nayiphi na imiqobo ebonakalayo kwinto umboniso ezi iindawo: loot, ubungqina, clues, bomgama. Igama elithi ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso isetyenziselwa ukusukela yokugqibela-decade yamashumi amabini century kwi-forensics, yi-francization ye-English ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso. National institute zobunzululwazi amapolisa isifrentshi sithetha icandelo lomboniso ka-ukona.
Ukusetyenziswa i-engaqinisekanga inqaku basenokuba imveliso ye-English kwaye popularized yi-lwethelevijini uphawu focused kwi amapolisa uphando ukuze ulungise uguqulelo izakuba icandelo lomboniso a ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso, ref.
kuyimfuneko icandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba abe enye intetho ukuba sifumanisa kwi-proverb"murderer rhoqo ubuyisela kwicandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho". Kwaba worn, nangona kunjalo, ithuba icandelo lomboniso ulwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu phambi kwexesha ngomhla phambi oku popularization, nangona kusithiwa ngakumbi ngokufanayo kwi-Nineteenth century sele kungcono ukuba icandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho, apho sishenxe kwicandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle ukuthandabuza oludlulileyo ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso ref. kuyimfuneko, icandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho lusetyenziswa ngendlela indifferent kwicandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa kuthetha ukuba omnye uya kufumanisa kunye ethile ulwaphulo-mthetho (uqiniseko inqaku). Ukongeza kwi-evolution ye-ngokwe sigama, igama elithi icandelo lomboniso ulwaphulo-mthetho ngoku kusetyenziswa designate icandelo lomboniso sehlo, ngokunjalo njengoko positioning kwaye ubume zonke yayo constituent ezibini. A ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso zibe esekwe indawo a ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye tort, endaweni i-kunokwenzeka ingozi, umlilo, i-comment okanye kwa name ingozi enkulu. Kwemida yomthetho icandelo lomboniso ye-ulwaphulo-mthetho ichaziwe yi-investigators kwaye prohibited uluntu njengoko ingcaphephe ye-yokubhalwa Amapolisa abanalo kwagqitywa i-kovavanyo kwi-ubunzulu iindawo. Ixesha elininzi, inani abachaphazelekayo engelilo ingcaphephe kwaye technicians ye-yokubhalwa amapolisa safika kwi icandelo lomboniso. Ukuze uphephe"izakhono", oko kukuthi, ukuhluphekisa ka-ubungqina okanye imeko imicimbi, ezi actors ingaba baqeqeshwe kwi-siseko engundoqo"securing icandelo lomboniso"okanye"uqina iindawo". Kwi-Uk kwaye Senegal, umntu eliphetheyo ka-ukukhulisa i-indices ngu ongu-a technician kwi-ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso, France kuyinto technician okanye i-ingcali ye-yokubhalwa amapolisa ebizwa ngokuba phezu ukudlala lo indima. Kuyimfuneko kuba technician hayi contaminate icandelo lomboniso: ngoko ke, ka-gloves, olululo impahla (coca iingubo kwaye mhlophe isigqumathelo).
Okokuqala, lowo kufuneka foto kwaye wefilim icandelo lomboniso, bamisa precise sicwangciso. Ngoko ke, kufuneka fumana kwaye kutyhila clues I-indices ingaba ke yesebe eqokelelweyo ngokuthi bafakwe nabo kwi-pocket plastic nge ikhowudi umsebenzisi, indawo yesalathisi ngu iqaphele yi-riders mthubi plastic (ngoonobumba okanye amanani) isalathisi kunikwe i-investigator.
Kwi-France, amapolisa unako ngamanye amaxesha intervene kwi icandelo lomboniso kuqala. Kuya kwenzeka ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso waba lingcoliseke yi-ehamba phezu footprints, uyise iinjongo, kwaye nkqu isidumbu. Unobumba Omar Raddad ngomnye umzekelo A technician ngomhla ulwaphulo-mthetho icandelo lomboniso, Ekhanada, kufuneka baqeqeshwe kwi umsebenzi wobupolisa techniques kwaye ke kuba ophunyezwe canadian amapolisa Ekholejini. Oku ulwazi multipurpose leyo yenza kube ukuba kakuhle nokuchaza i scenes. Omnye lokuqala ingcaphephe kwi-criminology le uhlobo waba Alphonse Bertillon, isifrentshi anthropologist, apho amise umgaqo-nkqubo kuba ingqokelela ka-indices yi-French amapolisa. Bakhe indlela, ngokuba"entsha", isebenzisa ingxelo eziliqela amanqaku kwi umzimba isidumbu ngokunjalo yakhe photography. Edmond Locard waseka kuqala isifrentshi laboratory"amapolisa technique" Omtsha waba kamsinya emva supplanted yi-technique ye-uphawu lomnwe (fingerprinting), supplemented yi-nokukhupha ka-footprints kwaye tire. Ngexesha yesibini nesiqingatha lenkulungwane yeminyaka engamashumi amabini, iinkalo zobuchule appealed ukuba inani ngakumbi jikelele omkhosi: ballistics (nzulu le iziphumo intlungu yi-projectiles abalawuli yi-firearms, trajectories, impacts, nokonzakala kwabo, marks ekhohlo yi-iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha shooting, njalo-njalo), yesitalato chemistry (igesi chromatography, ngokwesiqu spectrometry.), chemiluminescence (ukusebenzisa luminol kuba ukufunyaniswa ka-faint bomgama kwegazi), biology (uhlalutyo zomzimba fluids, igazi amaqela.), entomology (uchazo ka-iyajikeleza ka-larval ka-ke ngoko ka-iimpukane kwaye scavengername beetles ndibeke amaqanda kwi isidumbu ukugqiba umhla wokufa), njl. njl, Ekugqibeleni, forensic amayeza kunye forensics zithe a ukuguqula incopho kunye uchazo yi-genetic fingerprinting, kwaphuhliswa ngowe- kwaye isetyenziswa okokuqala ngowe- ukuba confuse a rapist kwaye uthotho killer. Oku uchazo lusekelwe i-decoding ye DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ukuba ikhona kwi-nucleus wonke cell eliluhlaza, kweli tyeli, igazi, saliva, semen, iinwele (etc) bonke abantu abahlala kulo yezilwanyana ubukumkani apho Umntu, ngamnye possessing i-DNA (constituting yayo genome) - ethile, ngoko ke ezahlukeneyo, njenge uphawu lweminwe.
Inkqubela eyenziwe suite unako ngoku ukuseka i genetic uphawu lomnwe ukusuka nje ezimbalwa iiseli (okanye nkqu enye iseli) ngokusebenzisa inkqubo amplifier kwi-vitro inani helices ka-DNA, ngokuba PCR (ubalo kwaye gene amplification yi-polymerase lesixokelelwane jikeleziso).
Le ndlela kokuba i-merit, ingakumbi ukuba kuvavanya nanamhlanje innocence ngaphezu eliwaka convicts kwi-USA, abanye babo baba sele hallway ukufa, kwaye ukuphepha yehlabathi inqanaba amawaka miscarriages lobulungisa. Umsebenzi constables, kwaye amapolisa amagosa kwaye zonyango examiners ngomhla ulwaphulo-mthetho scenes sele iphenjelelwe eziliqela lwethelevijini uphawu ezifana Ingcaphephe okanye Ubungqina ukuxhasa oku.
