Ulwaphulo-mthetho iingxoxo kwi-France

°) isigwebo apho yena ngu convicted (ukuba umntu unetyala)

Yolwaphulo-nkqubo i-set of imigaqo ukuba amisele inkqubo repression i ukonaLenza ikhonkco phakathi ukona kwaye esangezelelweyo, nge-intermediate izigaba zawo, kwaye kuyimfuneko bephethe kwi ukufumana le offences, ukuhlanganiswa ubungqina, prosecution bobubi, kwaye zabo isihlalo yi-linalo igunya lenkundla. Yolwaphulo-nkqubo sele injongo ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-jikelele wolwaphulo-mthetho, oko kukuthi, uphando lwe ababhali be utyeshelo lomgaqo-kwaye isigwebo. Kwi-France, ulwaphulo-mthetho yovavanyo ibandakanya amaqela amabini. Kwesinye isandla, uluntu ubufundisi (public prosecutor, lamagqwetha-jikelele), embodying the nkqo ekukhuseleni ilungelo i company, kwesinye isandla, umtyholwa (kwimeko i-ukona okanye contravention), okanye umtyholwa (amatyala ulwaphulo-mthetho). Ngokusemthethweni ukuthetha, victim ingaba iqela yolwaphulo-linge.

Kunokuthi, nangona kunjalo, funani redress yakhe injury kwimeko a zasekuhlaleni yovavanyo, sibe eyiyo zasekuhlaleni umntu.

Oku zasekuhlaleni yovavanyo lunokwenziwa ngendlela efanayo njengoko ixesha yolwaphulo-linge. Injongo zolwaphulo mthetho yovavanyo ngu ukugqiba:°) ukuba umntu babuyele yovavanyo inkundla unetyala iinyaniso alleged ngokuchasene naye. Kufuneka ke kumiselwa ukuze umntu owenze izenzo constituting i-ukona. Yolwaphulo-yovavanyo ngu preceded ngokunxulumene unobumba i-uphando (idla lwenziwa ngo amapolisa iinkonzo okanye gendarmerie), matyala inquiry (inquiry lwenziwa ngo ijaji eyalelayo). Yolwaphulo-nkqubo uza, balaseleyo, ufumanise iindlela ukuba investigators uyakwazi ukuyisebenzisa, kwaye phantsi ntoni na iimeko.

Ngakumbi i-ukona carries a isivakalisi stronger kwaye ngaphezulu investigators uza kukwazi ukusebenzisa kuthetha eziya ephikisana umntu inkululeko: detention, khangela, inombolo tapping, infiltration.

Yolwaphulo-nkqubo ibeka phantsi imithetho ifomu kwaye ubutyebi ukuba kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nako, bobabini kuba khangela, kwaye ingxowa-prosecution ka-offences, ukuba, imiba ubungqina kwaye ngexesha yovavanyo umtyholwa umntu. Kanjalo sinika ulungiso ngokuchasene izigqibo, ulwaphulo-mthetho iinkundla.

Ebekwe kwi-intliziyo iziqinisekiso yesininzi, yolwaphulo-nkqubo omnye founding iziqalelo ze umthetho umthetho.

Kubalulekile yena lowo unika umzimba ukuya safeguards ka-oyedwa ngokuchasene amaziko eliphetheyo ka-ekulweni ulwaphulo-mthetho.

I-ephanda umgwebi ngu yenziwe kwi

Yinto enye kwiindawo apho european Inkundla yamalungelo oluntu inamagunya kwacacisa ukuba abe ingakumbi vigilant kwaye ufowunele condemn i-offending State. De Elinesithathu century, ukumkani uqwalasela ngokwakhe kwishishini kwaye wathi abathunywa bakhe amandla lwabagwebi specially eziqeshiweyo.

I-treaty ka-Cesare Beccaria ke zibonakele influenced yolwaphulo-iingxoxo.

Emva isifrentshi Revolution kwaye Isibhengezo wamalungelo womntu kwaye ummi, enye inkundla indlela wenziwa kwi.

Oko distinguishes phakathi zasekuhlaleni kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho iimeko kwaye sele ezimbini kuphela amaqondo ophantsi kolawulo.

Yolwaphulo-iinkundla ezisekiweyo jikelele ezintathu amanqanaba violations: infractions, misdemeanors kwaye felonies. Kunyaka wabona intshayelelo wokuqala penal Ikhowudi. Kwi, yolwaphulo-nkqubo Ikhowudi inxenye yovavanyo kwi ezimbini izigaba zawo: yokulungiselela, abazinikeleyo ukuba ephanda umgwebi kwaye yovavanyo ngokwayo. Oko sele wabeka isiseko yi-insisting kwi umanyano ka-zasekuhlaleni kwaye, ulwaphulo-mthetho ubulungisa. I-okunokukhethwa kuko ka-imisebenzi prosecution, uphando kwaye yovavanyo ivumela ukuba kukho omtsha jonga isohlwayo ngokungabikho. Kwi, entsha, ulwaphulo-mthetho Ikhowudi waba beka endaweni yi-Napoleon Bonaparte.

Phantsi Nobukumkani ka julayi, phinda-phinda ngu liberal kwaye kukho tendency ngakulo-siseko ka-non-detention.

Kowesithathu Kwiriphabliki, umthetho Constans, isibhozo zikadisemba, kwaye umthetho wokuqala, eya kubuya i-lawyer kwindlela eyalelayo. Ngexesha Umsebenzi, iinkundla ye-ezizodwa ingaba obububo. Inani jurors Wenkundla ka-Assizes ukuphumela ukusuka elinesibini. Ngomhla Inkululeko, umthetho ka-mthetho kwakhona, superior Kwequmrhu magistracy lusekiwe ngowe- kwaye isingeniso-Siseko amabini anesixhenxe oktobha kuquka Izibhengezo ka. Le nkxalabo kanjalo ukuba repress imfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngo ngo, yolwaphulo-nkqubo Ikhowudi kubuyisela wokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho nkqubo. Ngowe, Michel Debré, umphathiswa wobulungisa ubeka endaweni uthotho reforms: ukusekwa kwe-yenkundla ukunyanzeliswa izivakalisi, recasting ubume lwabagwebi, legalization ka-custody, ukusekwa kwe-national Iziko ka-matyala uphando (apho waba wesizwe Esikolweni kuba ezomthetho ngowe-) Ngowe, umthetho ukhuseleko nenkululeko ivakalisa i-prerogatives yamapolisa, kwaye abatshutshisi. Emva konyulo François Mitterrand, lo mthetho ubizwa arhoxiswe kwaye ukufa esangezelelweyo ngu isusiwe. Umthetho neu fseptembre enxulumene ekulweni terrorism wadala enye inkundla kuba iimeko terrorism, kwaye sinika ethile, izibonelelo. Oku ezikhethekileyo regime kuya kusomeleza ngo, kwaye kwakhona kwi. Ngowe- umthetho kwi komhlaba yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo ngokufakela igama elithi"indictmentindictment", baza barhoxa ukuba ephanda umgwebi amandla ukuba sifakwe kwi-detention. Kanjalo introduces kobuso lawyer ngexesha amapolisa custody. Inxalenye ezi izibonelelo ingaba withdrawn iinyanga ezimbalwa kamva.

Umthetho ka-elinesihlanu kweyesilimela wama- kwi presumption ka-innocence, amise unxulumano lwefowuni kuba verdict ye-assize iinkundla, strengthens amalungelo i-victim kwaye presumption ka-innocence, udala Yenkundla liberties kwaye detention Kwi, Umthetho Perben ndadala inkundla yengingqi kwaye emva koko kwi, Umthetho Perben II yazise icandelo"Ndibongoze benetyala".

Collegiality uqeqesho lootitshala bebe kumiselweyo kumgaqo-nemithetho elishumi disemba, amashumi amathathu disemba, zine - januwari zontathu arhoxiswe phambi kokuza kuyo umkhosi wokhuselo. Emva Outreau kunjalo, umthetho we-anesihlanu kweyokwindla ngowama, ngokubonelela i-obligation kuba lwabagwebi ukusebenza collegially, kufuneka isicelo ngojanuwari. Layo ngokungena umkhosi, xa kuqaliswayo kwakucwangcisiwe ngomhla wo- ka-januwari wenziwe postponed amaxesha amaninzi ngenxa ezicetywayo sokususwa kwezixhobo ze - ephanda umgwebi, kwaye ngoko ke ngu nokungabikho zokusebenza ukusebenzisa le komhlaba, phambi kokuzalwa arhoxiswe ngo. Kwi-matshi, Michèle Alliot-Marie ngu ilungiselela ebalulekileyo tshintsha yolwaphulo-nkqubo. Oko amise', ulwaphulo-mthetho uphando, ulwaphulo-mthetho"(ukutshintshwa uphando i-esa kundoqo ixesha kwaye statement),"yenkundla uphando kwaye liberties"(ukutshintshwa umyalelo umgwebi kwaye yenkundla kunye nokukhululeka detention), kwaye renames Indlu ukuba ingxelo"kwegumbi ye-uphando nenkululeko", i-non-ndawo kwaye i-kwicandelo elikhethekileyo kwi -"kwicandelo elikhethekileyo umthetho". I-komhlaba ngu postponed iinyanga ezimbalwa kamva. Umthetho we-weshumi elinesine lee-epreli, weza kulinywa nzulu komhlaba i-inkqubo amapolisa custody kwi-French umthetho, nokumisa njengoko ephambili komlinganiselo kuba compulsory ebusweni a lawyer ilungelo ukususela ekuqalekeni uthathelo. Ngo, umthetho kwi individualisation ka-izohlwayo kunye nokomeleza ukusebenza, ulwaphulo-mthetho sanctions ingakumbi yenza ekudalweni Mate, ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ukususwa lwabagwebi ka-proximity, kuqala kwakucwangcisiwe kuba ngojanuwari, ngowama, ekugqibeleni isetyenziswe kwi- kweyekhala ngowama. I-kwimithombo yolwaphulo-iingxoxo iya kuba yi-siseko isemthethweni imithombo. Yolwaphulo-nkqubo kolawulo umthetho pursuant le amashumi amathathu anesine langoku-Siseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngokulawulwa-siseko legality. Lo mthetho kolawulo lwesixeko exclusive, yenzelwe njengokuba isiqinisekiso kwi-anticipation ezi amanyathelo repressive. Kule nkalo, kubalulekile imvelaphi ingaba european Convention on yamalungelo oluntu (ECHR), apho imisela ngaphandle inani kwalomgaqo-siseko amalungelo nenkululeko, ezinye eziya ngqo kulungiselelo, ulwaphulo-mthetho iingxoxo, kuquka ngokusebenzisa icandelo ezintandathu kwi yokuba zilawulwe ka-enobulungisa linge. Phambi yovavanyo nganye, nkqu ukuba ukho a murderer ophele ngowama-phezulu kunye yakhe victim kwaye igazi kwi ezandleni zakhe, suspect ngu wathi kuba babemsulwa njengoko ixesha elide njengokuba kubhaliwe alifumanisanga sele mbasa. I-presumption ka-innocence ngu kuchaziwe esa kundoqo inqaku yokuziphatha, ulwaphulo-mthetho nkqubo. Oko ngaphezu koko ngolu hlobo ukususela inqaku elinanye ye-DRMC ka. Zasekuhlaleni intshukumo kuthetha intshukumo ukuba injured iqela baziswa phambi-mthetho iinkundla. Oko sijongana ezimbini isemthethweni izenzo zahlukile: Ukuba victim ufuna ukuzisa a zasekuhlaleni intshukumo, kuya kufuneka ukhangele ukuba uluntu Prosecutor Kwiriphabliki sele imiselwe okanye hayi ukusebenzisa intshukumo-wonke. Notions ukuba victims kusenokuba kunye yesitalato abantu njengoko abantu ezizizo uhlobo iqela okanye elinolwazi iimbumbano. Kukho iimeko kuba admissibility-siseko njengoko a zasekuhlaleni iqela: kuyimfuneko ukuba zithe injured yi-utyeshelo lomgaqo, kwenzakala intlungu kufuneka ngqo kwaye ngoku, kwaye kanjalo abasebenzi (ziindlalifa zobukumkani kwaye mlingane ye-victim unakho, nangona kunjalo, act). I-victim kufuneka kanjalo kuvavanya yakhe ilahleko. Kanye ezi iimeko kuyahlangatyezwana nazo, kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba Prosecutor Kwiriphabliki initiated uluntu senzo. I-victim uya ke kuba ukukhetha phakathi zimbini iindlela: intengiselwano: victim unako yaba kunye perpetrator ye-ukona kwi nokulungisa le umonakalo. Zasekuhlaleni intshukumo uya kuba extinguished ngokukhawuleza njengoko intengiselwano ngu yenzekile kodwa uluntu intshukumo ihlala i-khetho. Waiver: victim waives ilungelo ibango nokulungisa, zasekuhlaleni intshukumo ngu ngumdla kodwa hayi wonke senzo. I-ukungazibandakanyi ka senzo: karhulumente intshukumo wenziwe triggered, iqela abo discontinues okanye withdraws ukusuka iingxoxo ingaba iqela yolwaphulo-iingxoxo, kwaye unako ayisasebenzi kwaye bafuna umonakalo othe phambi-mthetho iinkundla. Acquiescence: victim waived redress Isihlalo kokuba dismissed yakhe ibango kuba umonakalo othe kwaye amagqabi ukuze drain i-isibheno xesha.

Zasekuhlaleni intshukumo ngu ngumdla.

Res judicata: victim sele bazuza zokugqibela isihlalo, kuya ayisasebenzi nako mthetho phambi kwenye inkundla.

Enkundleni yamatyala de grande isehlo, kanjalo, yokuqala isehlo ngayo uyayiva iimeko ezingekho ngokukodwa yabelwe kwenye inkundla. Yolwaphulo-izahlulo le inkundla kuqala isehlo uya kuthabatha igama isigqeba correctionnel. Kolawulo ezahlukeneyo, ulwaphulo-mthetho iinkundla izimisele njengokuba umsebenzi uhlobo ukona. Njalo: Xa eziliqela offences zinikelwe kwaye zibekwe khona ngendlela ezahlukeneyo imida, kubalulekile inkundla linalo igunya zama ukona, ngakumbi ezinzima umgwebi. I-hearings kwi-mthetho umthetho inje efanayo kwi-phambili zonke, ulwaphulo-mthetho iinkundla. France isebenza kwi inkqubo umgaqo-nkqubo we-inquisition, kubalulekile umgwebi abo ukhokela iingxoxo. Kubalulekile, ke ngoko, kuye abo imibuzo umtyholwa naziphi na amangqina. Emva kokuba ukwenza umsebenzi lo questioning, umgwebi sibuza ukuba prosecutor Kwiriphabliki, zasekuhlaleni iqela okanye lawyer ka-umtyholwa kokuba nayiphi na imibuzo, ukuze bambuze. Xa le ngxoxo-mpikiswano uphelile, floor unikwa ukuba zasekuhlaleni iqela okanye ingcebiso yakhe ukuba zichaza yakhe izicelo. Emva koko kuza jika ye-Prosecutor abo lunika yakhe indictment, oko kukuthi, ukudliwa imali ukuba iimfuno. Kubalulekile ke ngoko lawyer ye-defendant abo iyabathethelela kwaye ekugqibeleni floor unikwa ukuba umtyholwa ngokwakhe.

Umgwebi uya ke nikezela yayo isigqibo, noba ngoko nangoko okanye ekupheleni kwetyala okanye ngomhla omnye umhla (kuthiwa yintando yakhe isigqibo).