Uyakwazi share kulwazi lwakho nge-ekuphuculeni ngayo (ngayo.) ngokunxulumene izindululo ehambelana iiprojekthiYolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho umthetho yi isebe umthetho apho limisela-antayi-loluntu zokuziphatha (ukona), kwaye sinika jikeleziso ye-society ngakulo ezi behaviors, ulwaphulo-mthetho ubulungisa impendulo ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka ifomu a isivakalisi. Yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye notyalomali ubudlelwane phakathi society kwaye umntu. Kukholisa ukuba contrasted kunye zasekuhlaleni umthetho, eso siphathelele ubudlelwane phakathi ezimbini amaqumrhu asemthethweni okanye yendalo abantu. Ke icacisa kunye imigaqo, ulwaphulo-mthetho umgaqo-nkqubo, apho imisela ngaphandle isemthethweni-sikhokelo ukuba athobele uphando, prosecution kwaye isihlalo kwaye uphumezo isigwebo malunga umntu suspected, kwaye, ukuba oko kuyasebenza apha, sentenced kuba ikhomishini i ukona. Kwi-Canada, yolwaphulo-mthetho usharedi phakathi competences ye-federal Epalamente kwaye amaphondo (bona ubuchule-Yokwabelana kwi-Us). I-Ipalamente Us linoxanduva canadian wolwaphulo-mthetho, oko kukuthi, ezininzi ezinzima, ulwaphulo-mthetho offences apho sinokukhokelela nokuvalelwa okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho mbali. Eli sebe ka-mthetho ubizwa ngokuba"wolwaphulo-mthetho"kwaye, inxalenye enkulu, phantsi, ulwaphulo-mthetho Wokuziphatha. Ulwaphulo-mthetho offences ingaba intended ukuba kohlwaya a ulwaphulo-mthetho ukuba waya ngokuchasene ezingundoqo amaxabiso inkampani. Umzekelo, babulale yi-mthetho ukona, ngenxa ebangela umntu ke ukufa uyaya ngokuchasene ngokubhekiselele abanye, unelungelo lokuphila, inkululeko kunye nokhuseleko ka wonke umntu, i-ezingundoqo amaxabiso inkampani guaranteed nge inqaku ku sep wakhokela canadian umqulu we-yamalungelo nenkululeko, offenses ka omkhulu ngakumbi ukubaluleka ingaba ekwabelwana ngazo luxanduva federal Epalamente kwaye amaphondo. Babe ukunikezela ezahlukeneyo ulwaphulo-mthetho nezohlwayo ukuba enforce zabo ezahlukeneyo imithetho. Offenses ka omkhulu ngakumbi ukubaluleka ekuthiwa zi - offences ukuba imigaqo. Ezi offences ingaba intended ukuba kohlwaya ukuziphatha ukuba uyaya ngokuchasene zoluntu nentlalo-ntle. I-offences imigaqo ingaba intended ukukhuthaza kwaye"ukulawula"ubani ongummi unelungelo amkele ukuziphatha mbasa owamkelekileyo kwi-society. Umzekelo, highway Ukhuseleko Code of Quebec ubonelela offences, ezigunyazisiweyo zengxelo kokuthile, njengoko kwakunjalo yamkelwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho (kwiphondo), ngoko ke, unako na ukunikezela, ulwaphulo-mthetho offences ukusukela kubalulekile ngaphaya zayo entsimini ka-competence kwaye ineenjongo ukukhuthaza abahlali ukuba amkele ukuziphatha (kuqhuba a isithuthi) ekhuselekileyo lens.
Yolwaphulo-mthetho omnye prerogatives engundoqo karhulumente amandla: determination ka-kwemida ngamnye nokukhululeka.
Oku sichaza ukuba, classic uhlobo, Urhulumente yangcwaliswa ukuya monopoly kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho (prohibition ka-impindezelo private monopoly ka-legitimate violence).
Eyona imvelaphi wolwaphulo-mthetho urhulumente umthetho, kodwa ngamazwe imithombo zibizwa ngokuba ngonaphakade ngakumbi ebalulekileyo.
Zimbini conceptions ka-yolwaphulo-mthetho: a uyilo injongo enye, lwesiqulatho apho kugxilwa kulo mthetho, kwaye zombhali kuphela ukuqonda, ngokusekelwe umbhali mthetho constituting i-ukona. I-ukona zibe achazwa umthetho lowo sanctioned nge esangezelelweyo. Uluhlu izenzo izakuba ukwenzeka ukuzoba phezulu Enyanisweni, ayo ukubaluleka iyaguquguquka ngokunxulumene eras kwaye amazwe. Umzekelo, izenzo ezifana suicide, nonyeliso, prophecy, witchcraft, kwesisu okanye homosexuality, esibizwa criminalized ezininzi isemthethweni ii-odolo ziphakathi Iminyaka, ingaba ayisasebenzi ngoko ke namhlanje. Ngokulondolozayo, incriminations entsha ingaba wabonakala, eziya okunxulumene industrialization (offences enxulumene ukhuseleko ezindleleni okanye nabasebenzi mthetho) okanye ukwanda oluntu solidarity (ukushiya isenzo ukunceda abanye, kakubi i-ubuthathaka abanye abantu). Yolwaphulo-mthetho okunxulumene ukona Kwi-jikelele wolwaphulo-mthetho, siya kufumana inkumbulo ye-ukona. Kuba kwenkqubo basenokuba umntu njengoko zolwaphulo mthetho ukona, kuyimfuneko ukuba zilandelayo u-ezibini kuyahlangatyezwana nazo: ezibini zokuqala ezimbini ezifunekayo ukuze i-mthetho basenokuba umntu njengoko zolwaphulo mthetho ukona. Lwesithathu into ngu-questionable yi-eyokuba izenzo wanikela unintentionally kusenokuba suppressed, njengoko kunjalo ka-manslaughter. Njengoko ilungelo ukuba angenza isicelo kunye ngokuchasene yendalo abantu, oko kukuthi abantu, njengoko ngokuchasene inkqubo esemthethweni abantu ukususela ngokungena umkhosi omtsha, ulwaphulo-mthetho Wokuziphatha, iinkampani, iimbumbano, uluntu, njalo-njalo (ngaphandle kokuba ekuhlaleni yombuso: aph - ye-French penal Code), yolwaphulo-mthetho njengoko ibonakala ilungelo transversal, kwaye mixed (kubalulekile mid-indlela phakathi private umthetho kwaye wonke umthetho). Yolwaphulo-mthetho isebenza njengoko a ifomu ubudlelwane phakathi abantu yangasese umthetho karhulumente igunya bemelwe i-lamagqwetha Kwiriphabliki subordinate ukuba lamagqwetha jikelele, ngokwakhe subordinate wesebe Lobulungisa (oku subordination, emehlweni European Inkundla Yamalungelo Oluntu, akavumeli i-lamagqwetha ukubona ukuba baqonde umgangatho a umantyi ngaphakathi intsingiselo inqaku ka-european Convention on Amalungelo Oluntu, oko banako ngokunjalo pronounce i-deprivation yenkululeko ngaphandle recourse, noko ngenxa yabo ulawulo, ukuba elizimeleyo umgwebi) wolwaphulo-mthetho, ke ngoko, ayo nkxalabo kuba olu ngquzulwano phakathi abantu ithathwe njengoko i-infringement ye society uphela, ngomhla umda abucala umthetho kwaye wonke umthetho. Ngo indlela ngaphandle kwabafundi, isikhalazo nge-siseko ka-zasekuhlaleni inxalenye"indawo yolawulo kwiinkundla kwi-nkonzo lommangali apho i -"dean ziijaji"kufuna intlawulo idipozithi leyo iza kusetyenziswa ukuba ingxowa-mali inkqubo. Le nkqubo sele a uphawu ka-iyantlukwano, phakathi namashishini abucala umthetho. Nangona kunjalo, umantyi retains yayo umsebenzi njenge"meko kuba prosecution kwaye kuba yokhuselo"kuthetha ukuba ayinjalo ayifakwanga ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo ajongise ngokuchasene ummangali sifuna kufumaneka kwi-bench ka-umtyholwa ngendlela efanayo njengoko omnye ngokuchasene apho waba wanikela ukuba isenzo. Yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho umthetho yinxalenye, ulwaphulo-mthetho sciences icala criminology kwaye forensic science.
Yolwaphulo-mthetho anomdla kwi-offences kwaye sanctions, njengoko iqulathe substantive imigaqo ukuba eyiyo jikelele imigaqo kufunekayo ukuze offences.
Kubalulekile ilungelo oko kukuthi okunxulumene ngamazwe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokunxulumene Aph Cassese, ichaziwe njengoko"misela-ngamazwe imigaqo yenzelwe ukuba outlaw (kwaye kohlwaya) ngamazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi phezu States i-obligation ukuba prosecute kwaye kohlwaya ezi yolwaphulo-mthetho (ubuncinane, abanye kubo)". Kunjalo umthetho inkcazelo leyo sinikwe ngomoya Nuremberg Isigqeba ingaba oku kulandelayo:"Umthetho ukuba governs ngamazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho, oko kukuthi, izenzo ezingekho universally lunxulumano njengoko zolwaphulo-mthetho, (kwaye) eziya ngamazwe ukubaluleka kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu azinako ekhohlo ngaphakathi exclusive kolawulo Urhulumente ukuba kuya kufuneka ulawulo kwi-nokuqheleka ixesha". Yamazwe ngamazwe Kwinkundla yolwaphulo-usenokusebenzisa kolawulo lwesixeko phezu ezine iintlobo yolwaphulo-mthetho: ulwaphulo-mthetho genocide"characterized yi-ethile locwangciso ukutshabalalisa, wonke okanye isahlulo, wesizwe, ethnical, ubuzwe okanye yenkolo iqela yi-killing amalungu ayo okanye zezinye kuthetha ukuba,"yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene uluntu ukuba ngala"ezinzima violations wanikela kwimeko enkulu abakhasayo attack yathi yayalela ngokuchasene naziphi na civilian abantu."njengoko imfazwe yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba eyiyo ingcwaba breaches ye-Geneva Conventions kwimeko i-kuxhotyiwe", ulwaphulo-mthetho aggression, oko kukuthi,"ukusetyenziswa yi-kwimo armed umkhosi ngokuchasene sovereignty, ingqiqo okanye ukuzimela ka-kwenye Imo". Ngokunxulumene Master of Inkomfa kwi-wonke umthetho, Jean-Francois Roulot, sele eziliqela iimpawu ezifana zokuqonda ulwaphulo-mthetho ka-umntu isithethi egameni Likarhulumente, esi sicwangciso ngamazwe-wonke ukuze, kubalulekile akusoloko eyenziwe i-convention kwaye ke ngoko sele a nomthetho uphawu, ekugqibeleni kubalulekile ilungelo imperative, oko kukuthi ukuba oko kufuna ukuba States ngamanye amaxesha ngokuchasene zabo isitsho uza.
